9th Class Biology Notes

April 25, 2020February 28, 2021 studynotes 0 Comments 10th Class All Subjects Test Series, 9th Biology

9th Class Biology Chapter Wise Notes.

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This plan is very important for exam preparation. The complete syllabus of the Biology book is described below. Topics / Subtopics / Activities to be covered You must read it.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology

Chapter Introduction
Divisions of biology
Relationship of biology to other sciences
Careers in biology
Quran and biology
Muslim scientists
Levels of Organization – subatomic & atomic level; molecular level; organelle and cell level/ tissue level; organ and organ system level; individual level
Population-level/ Community and biosphere level
Cellular organization – Unicellular and colonial organization
Multicellular organization – mustard plant and frog
Assessment
Practical: Study of different types of bacteria with the help of prepared slides and of Amoeba, Paramecium, Volvox from prepared slides/ fresh culture/charts
Practical: Study of the external morphology of mustard plant and microscopic examination of root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and seeds
Practical: Identification of major organs and organ systems in a dissected frog (dissection by demonstrator/teacher)

Courtesy:

Sir Numan Sadaf Sahib (Govt model High School 343 GB)

Chapter Introduction
Introduction to biological method
Recognition of biological problem; observations; formulation of hypothesis; deductions and experiments; reporting the results
Study of malaria as an example
Theory, law, and principle
Data organization and data analysis
Mathematics as an integral part of the scientific process
Assessment

Chapter 3: Biodiversity

Chapter Introduction
Introduction and importance of biodiversity
Classification: Aims & basis of classification
Taxonomic hierarchy
Species – the basic unit of classification
History of classification Systems
Two-kingdom & three-kingdom classification system
Five-kingdom classification system
Characteristics of the five kingdoms
Status of viruses
Binomial nomenclature; Its significance
Conservation of biodiversity; Impacts of human being on nature
Practical: Observation of the apparent distinguishing taxonomic characters from fresh and preserved specimens and recognition of plants and animals on the basis of their taxonomic characters
Practical: Evaluation of graphs of a population of an insect

Chapter 4: Cells and Tissues

Chapter Introduction
Microscopy and the emergence of Cell Theory
Light microscopy and electron microscopy
History of the formulation of Cell Theory
Sub-cellular or A-cellular particles
Cellular structures and functions; Cell wall
Cell membrane; Cytoplasm; cytoskeleton
Cell organelles; Nucleus; Ribosomes; Mitochondria; Plastids
Endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; Lysosomes; Centrioles; Vacuoles
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Relationship between cell function and cell structure
Cell Size and Surface Area to Volume ratio
Passage of molecules into and out of cells – Diffusion; Facilitated diffusion; Osmosis; Filtration; Active transport
Endocytosis & Exocytosis
Animal tissue – Epithelial tissue
Connective tissues, Muscle tissue; Nervous tissue
Plant tissues – Simple tissues (Meristemaic tissue & Permanent tissues)
Compound tissues (Xylem & Phloem tissue)
Assessment
Review of Chapter/Test
Practical: Use of microscope to observe the movement of water in plants and to compare sizes of various types of cells
Practical: Examination under the microscope an animal cell (e.g. from frog’s blood) and a plant cell (e.g. from onion epidermis), using an appropriate temporary staining technique, such as iodine or methylene blue
Practical: Identification, from fresh preparations, of the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm in an animal cell and the cell wall, cell membrane, sap vacuole, cytoplasm, nucleus, and chloroplasts in a plant cell
Practical: Preparation of the wet mounts of tissue from flowering plants and study of plant and animal tissues from charts and prepared slides
Practical: Determination of the effect of tonicity on plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in plant cells or in Red Blood Cell
Practical: Data collection on the number of stomata per unit area on various plant leaves that grow in areas of differing humidity, and compilation of data in a spreadsheet and graph it to determine whether there is a relationship between the variables

Chapter 5: Cell Cycle

Chapter Introduction
Cell cycle
Mitosis (Karyokinesis, Cytokinesis)
Significance of Mitosis / Errors in mitosis
Meiosis; Phases of Meiosis; Prophase 1
Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1,Telophase 1
Meiosis II; Significance of Meiosis
Comparison between mitosis and meiosis
Apoptosis and Necrosis
Assessment
Practical: Observation of various stages of mitosis and meiosis by slides, model, and charts
Practical: Preparations of root tip squashes and study stages of mitosis

Chapter 6: Enzyme

Chapter Introduction
Introduction of enzymes
Mechanism of enzyme action (Lock-n-Key Model)
Specificity of Enzymes
Assessment
Review/Test
Practical: Experiment to show the working of the enzyme in vitro e.g., pepsin working on meat in the test tube
Practical: Experiment to test enzyme action by putting diastase in a starch solution in a test tube at 37°C and after fifteen minutes performing iodine test for the presence of starch

Chapter 7: Bioenergetics

Chapter Introduction
Bioenergetics and the role of ATP
Oxidation and reduction reaction
ATP: The cell energy currency
Photosynthesis; Mechanism of photosynthesis – Light reactions
Mechanism of respiration
Energy budget of respiration
Assessment
Review/Test
Practical: Demonstration of the process of photosynthesis using an aquatic plant like Hydrilla
Practical: Identification and labeling of the cellular and tissue structure in the CS of a leaf through observation under the microscope
Practical: Investigation of the necessity of chlorophyll, light, carbon dioxide, using appropriate controls
Practical: Experiment to demonstrate the process of respiration in germinating seeds by using limewater
Practical: Investigation of the release of carbon dioxide and heat during aerobic respiration in germinating seeds

Chapter 8: Nutrition

Chapter Introduction
Mineral Nutrition in Plants
Role of nitrogen and magnesium
Importance of fertilizers
Components of human food
Minerals / Role of Calcium and iron
Effects of Vitamins (A, C, and D)
Effects of Water and Dietary fiber
Balanced Diet
Problems related to nutrition
Effect of malnutrition
Famine – the major causes
Digestion in Humans
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and defecation,
Human alimentary canal – Oral cavity

Chapter 9: Transport

Chapter Introduction
Transport in plants; Water and ion uptake
Transpiration; Opening and closing of stomata
Factors affecting the rate of transpiration; Significance of transpiration
Transport of water and transport of food
Transport in Humans
Blood – Composition & Blood disorders
ABO blood group system; Blood transfusions in ABO blood group system
Rh blood group systems; Blood transfusions in Rh blood group system
Human heart
Pulmonary and systemic circulation
Heartbeat; Heart rate and Pulse rate
Blood vessels
The general plan of the human Arterial and Venous system
Cardiovascular disorders
Practical: Measurement of differences in length/weight of raw potato strips in concentrated salt solution and water
Practical: Observation of root hairs on a growing root of onion, carrot, etc.
Practical: Microscopic observation of the structure and number of stomata in an epidermal peel of a leaf
Practical: Investigation of the rate of water loss at the two surfaces of a leaf by a simple experiment using cobalt chloride paper
Practical: Investigation of transpiration in a potted plant under a bell jar

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9th Class Biology Notes